International Criminal Law Free Essay Example, 3500 words

Lemkin felt, during his documentation of Hitler’s offenses, strongly felt that such practices justified a reconsideration of some principle in international law. He states the issue as â€Å"whether government can destroy with impunity its own citizens and whether such acts of destruction are domestic affairs or matters of international concern. Practically speaking, should the moral right of humanitarian intervention be converted into a right under international law? †7 The implications of this question require a rethinking of the principles of criminal law which holds that criminal jurisdiction vests in a court when the crime is committed within the territorial jurisdiction of that court. Normally therefore, where a crime is committed even by a state’s own national, but outside its territory, no action may be brought against the national in that state Lemkin’s question proposes to make genocide an international crime, where action can be brought in a tribunal in another state for crimes committed outside its territory. Lemkin likened genocide to piracy, where the act is treated as a crime under the law of nations, in which case every state should be able to take jurisdiction over such acts irrespective of the nationality of the offender and of the place where the crime was committed. In 1945, the German war criminals were indicted on the crime of genocide and other offenses, for the extermination of the Jews, Poles, Gypsies, and ot her racial or religious groups. We will write a custom essay sample on International Criminal Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The term genocide had to be created to encompass the legal concept of the destruction of human groups, with the intent to â€Å"wipe out entirely the biological power of the neighbours of Germany, so that Germany might win a permanent victory, whether directly through military subjugation or indirectly through geological destruction. Germany’s eventual defeat is immaterial, for as long as its neighbours whom it considered its enemies would be so weakened that Germany would be able to recover its strength years after its defeat8. Consequently, in August 1945, the triumphant World War II Allies decided that the high Nazi officials shall be held accountable through a series of criminal trials. In order to realize this, they appended a list of â€Å"crimes against humanity† to the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of the Major War Criminals. The so-called crimes against humanity were defined as â€Å"murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. †9 Extermination and persecution â€Å"’Crimes against humanity’ is an international criminal justice offence; the pertpetration of acts of war upon a civilian, non-soldier population. †10 As related in the previous section, it was appended to the document entitled Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of the Major War Criminals, which was put into effect in the Nuremberg trials.

Review Of Growing Up With Literature By Walter E. Sawyer

Reading is such an old, and timeless pastime that is enjoyed by many. Literature is not only something to help one to become more educated, or be used for entertainment, but it also can be used as therapy for those who need it. According to Walter E. Sawyer in his book Growing Up with Literature, bibliotherapy is simply a therapy for treating bodily disorders using books. Bibliotherapy began its work with librarians and teachers over a half-century ago and was created by David Russell and Caroline Shrodes. They have said that bibliotherapy is a process when the reader and the literature interact. Patricia Cianciolo also agreed with this idea and said that books help children understand more about human behavior, find interests outside oneself, and relieve stress in a controlled manner. She said that books could also help a person resolve problems for an individual personally, and help a reader find insight on their own behavior. The important factor in using bibliotherapy is to find books that will keep a child’s interest, age appropriate, and relate to the interests and motivation needs for the reader. Charlotte Huck and Barbara Kiefer also believed that bibliotherapy can be used for helping children with everyday anxiety and fears. They believe that in order to use bibliotherapy in this way, that there are three stages. The first stage is called identification, where the reader relates to the character in the literature. The next stage is called catharsis, which means toShow MoreRelatedAn Empirical Study on Competitive Marketing Strategies for Skin Care Cosmetics of Organized Retail Sector5596 Words   |  23 PagesCOMPETITIVE MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR SKIN CARE COSMETICS OF ORGANIZED RETAIL SECTOR C.Thirumal Azhagan( Dr.P.S.Nagarajan(( INTRODUCTION Strategy can be defined as a firm’s positioning to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace (Michael E. Porter 1996)[1]. A strategy is always to secure organizational effectiveness by performing the right activities at the right time and to .achieves the right fit with the external environment. Building upon this idea, a marketing strategy allows firmsRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesEdition_ Daryl L. Logan (SM) A Framework for Marketing Management, 4E_Philip R Kotler,Kevin Lane Keller (TB) A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis,Brian Bradie (ISM) A Guide to International Financial Reporting Standards, 3rd Edition_Belverd E. Needles, Marian Powers (SM+TB) A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 4th Edition_Marno Verbeek (SM) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition _ Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz ( IM+TB) A Microscale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes inRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages The Bad and The Beautiful (1952 - bw), Julius Caesar (1953 - bw), Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 - bw). He was nominated for Wizard of Oz in 1939, but didnt win. In some ways you could say that Cedric Gibbons was the most influential set designer of the 1930s, because he controlled such a large studio. His autocratic control ensured that his vision and his visual style would end up on the screen. Artistically, however, it is probably safe to say that the mostRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagescontact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used

Marine Resources Free Essays

Madalena Barbosa Marine Resources – April, 2012 Index Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1. ) Optimal Economic Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2. Different possible policies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2. ) Total Allowable Catches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 2. b) Effort and harvest taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Figure 2Sustainable revenue, to tal costs and net benefit of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 5 Use of corrective t axes on effort can equate social and private costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: Biological growth function for the resource stock: ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer production function (linear case of the Coob-Douglas production function): Profit function: Condition: Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t): stock (biomass) of economically valuable fish at time t. E(t): Effort is an index measure of the quantity of inputs applied to the task of fishing at time t. Intrinsic growth rate of the resources stock: r = 0,8/Year Natural carrying Capacity (maximum value for S): k=50. 000 tons Catchability coefficient: q = 0,0002/hour fishing Price per unit of output: p = 200â‚ ¬/ton Cost per unit of effort: c=400â‚ ¬/ hour fishing Maximum Effort per vessel: = 100 hours fishing 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest In this situation the growth in the stocks doesn’t exist so that: ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield In order to calculate the values that maximize sustainable harvest for this fishery, we need to compute the harvesting function that depends on effort (Shaefer Yield Effort Curve); and after that, to maximize harvesting for effort so that we are able to compute the different sustainable values. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 2 First we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the stock and obtained, = 1? ? In a steady-state equilibrium = = are equally counterbalanced by the removals from the stock through harvesting). Also and . The solution of the previous function for the steady-state level of S is: 1? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the former function in Graham-Schaefer production function to find Shaefer Yield Effort Curve: ? = = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve: This equation is quadratic in E so for high levels of effort the yield is zero. So, if the effort level is higher than the critical level, gt; towards extinction. ? , the yield is zero and the population will be driven Maximize Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that can be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stock that maximizes sustainable harvest of this fishery substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Graham-Shaefer production function and s olve it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 Note that the resource stocks at MSY is on-half of the natural carrying capacity. The solution for the maximum sustainable yield is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . Now that we have calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the necessary equilibrium fleet, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The equilibrium fleet under sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take two main assumptions: 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is true and 2. It is also true the steady-state equilibrium condition for all sustainable rents. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we have the property right condition of open-access and the social welfare optimum. That is, the comparative statics to compare the optimal open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents with the social optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? = Rearranging for E: Substituting S for SOA: = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 5 The profits per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stated before equal to zero, = = ? = 200 ? 6. 400 ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit will be zero for each individual firm and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this market; which makes sense once we are in the situation where companies can freely enter or exiting the market (similar to perfect competition). The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal economic level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the social welfare for society is found by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort: = =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? = To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibrium’s for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found before, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 7 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this question we are asked to compare the maximum social sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in figure 1 and figure 2: 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) . E(Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish Stock (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G(S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Profit (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort. From the previous figures we can easily see that, lt; lt; The MSY policy target is the best in a social point of view. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical point of view this equilibrium doesn’t bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires less effort to capture an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock. This is why, economically, efficiency is the best solution, because it will allow future generations to capture similar quantities once preservation of stock is taken into account and additionally getting the higher rent. Furthermore and comparing with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. lt; lt; lt; lt; ; 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the group of fishes is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, and we have the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = = conditions: ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0 . It is again important to note that i) In this case, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 between exploiting or not the stock available. = 0 under all values of effort, we have a situation of indifference Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 ii) Here, as abandon this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be exploited at all and initial stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 lt; 0, firms will not have any interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. gt; 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policies The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management: Incentive Blocking and Incentive Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encourage effort and and harvest reductions by blocking them. For example, Total Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, like engine power limitations, limit fishing seasons, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or just increase the real cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with society’s goals. In this case we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a derby fishery, the governments set a limit on the total allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a specific date. As soon as TAC is reached, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natural resource to recover the stock levels. In this case the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yield curve in equilibrium, Solving for E: 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, but in an economical point of view it has its issues. The tendency for fishing enterprises is to move towards an over-investment in equipment and labor in order to increase their share o f the common TAC. It causes a major disruption in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their share of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to operate with greater fishing power. In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily deteriorate as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions induce a race for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 100. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC’ E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort. Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c’, and understand this behavior: = ? ? = ? = 0 and that the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the price will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from society’s point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very difficult and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxes Fish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is high enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercial resource. Corrective taxes can in theory bring marginal private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. Using taxes the managers reduce the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that should be as said before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = + Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. : $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC’ is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to such a level that the TC’ curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 â‚ ¬/hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for any value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the industry. This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the difference between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC’ 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next, ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 â‚ ¬/hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also only just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR’ 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total rev enue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very interesting measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing community avoiding any efficiency loss. But it is very hard to get to an agreement regarding this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall poor social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s The ITQ’s are an improved version of the TAC’s policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. : a vessel, a corporation, etc. ) consistent with property rights theory. With this kind of policy fishermen don’t need to race against each other. We will proceed with short run rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ensure that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be adjusted and the quota market prices established. In a successful Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be: = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800â‚ ¬ 1. 600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be: = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQ’s are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3â‚ ¬ 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s ITQ’s are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, it’s the only measure that aligns the interests of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQ’s has several advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen don’t need to rush to sea under bad weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by spreading the fishing season and it incentives for mutual enforcem ent control. But all of its potential can be wasted if a good monitoring system is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 How to cite Marine Resources, Papers

Gulf of Tonkin free essay sample

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, to me was a considerable formal declaration of war against communist North Vietnam. The United States wasn’t interfering with the conflict between North and South Vietnam, they were in international waters. The U. S did have a right to attack to keep peace and have security between themselves and the rest of the world. The U. S. S. Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin on the 2nd of August in 1964 surveying the coast and gathering intelligence about Vietnam, as a part of DESOTO. They were in international waters, to test the 12 mile boundary set by North Vietnam. North Vietnam saw this as a threat to their land, so they were attacked the U. S. S. Maddox, damaging United States ships. I would consider this as a declaration of war; they were attacked in international waters by a North Vietnamese naval force. Therefore they have a right to repel any armed force that threatened them in international waters, as a tool for defense knowing that the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf of Tonkin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. ships weren’t actually in the Vietnam’s territory (Doc B). The gulf of Tonkin resolution is a formal way of declaring war; President Lyndon B. Johnson used the resolution as congressional authorization for the use of the United States military to intervene in Vietnam and take any necessary orders. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically said that congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as commander-in-chief, to take all measures necessary to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States to prevent further aggression, to take all steps, including the use of armed forces. From those lines, this document basically acted a Declaration of War; he could use any power he wanted to. President Johnson believed that he could take any legal action which was deemed appropriate, hence Johnson sent in 500,000 Troops into South Vietnam to prevent the government from being overthrown. The resolution offered any use of force to keep peace and security between countries and in international waters, the resolution also offered to assist any SEATO member requesting assistance in defense of its freedom, posing that the U. S. had to the right to land troops in Vietnam to defend the nation and obtain its freedom (Doc A). The resolution also stated that the U. S. had the power to expand war efforts in Vietnam if it was necessary and take all steps required. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution posed as a Declaration of War because it gave the president complete power and authorized him to take any steps required to bring peace and security. The Gulf of Tonkin in my opinion is considerable as a formal declaration of war, the resolution gave the president complete power to take any steps necessary, and use of armed forces to prevent further aggression from the opposition. The resolution resembled the Declaration of War, by giving Johnson commanding power and allowing him to proceed and take actions that were applicable.